Vaccination: Protection that starts in puppyhood
A puppy is born with antibodies from its mother that protect it in the first few weeks of life. However, these antibodies wane, leaving the dog vulnerable just as it begins to explore the world. The idea behind vaccination is to take over this protection before natural immunity wears off.
In Estonia, puppy vaccination usually begins at about two months of age with a combined injection that protects against distemper, parvovirus and infectious hepatitis. This is followed by booster injections every few weeks, with a leptospirosis vaccine added once and a rabies vaccine later. A booster vaccination is given after a year. According to the recommendations of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA), distemper, parvovirus and hepatitis are considered core diseases, against which a booster injection approximately every three years is sufficient for an adult dog. Vaccinations against leptospirosis and kennel cough are given more frequently if necessary, because their protection is shorter - the exact schedule is determined by the veterinarian depending on where and how the dog lives.
Rabies is a separate issue. It is mandatory by law in Estonia: a dog must be vaccinated for the first time at the age of three to four months and then at least every 24 months. Rabies is a fatal disease for humans, so this is not just a recommendation, but an obligation for the pet owner.
Worms, fleas, ticks – small enemies
Parasite control is one of those things that is easy to forget because you can't see the results. A healthy dog looks healthy. But internal worms can multiply peacefully without the animal immediately suffering visibly, and fleas can multiply in your home before you even notice the first one.
The frequency of deworming depends on the dog's lifestyle: a dog that runs in the woods, sniffs corpses, and comes into contact with other animals is at greater risk than a calm city dog. Puppies are usually dewormed more frequently than adults. Tick season in Estonia now lasts almost the entire warm period, and ticks transmit serious diseases, which is why it is worth choosing a deworming agent - whether in the form of drops, tablets, or collars - together with a veterinarian according to the dog's size and habits.
Nutrition: Quality before quantity
Dogs are more flexible eaters than cats – they tolerate plant foods better – but that doesn’t mean they can’t care what they put in their bowl. Complete dog food is formulated to cover the right balance of protein, fat, vitamins and minerals. Human table scraps don’t provide this balance, and some of our everyday foods – chocolate, onions, grapes, products sweetened with xylitol – are downright toxic to dogs.
The most common feeding mistake, however, is not the wrong food, but too much food. Being overweight is widespread among dogs and its consequences are serious: joint wear, increased strain on the heart, risk of diabetes and a shorter life span. A plump dog is not a happier dog. Instead of filling the bowl, it is worth following the amounts indicated on the package, counting treats towards the daily energy intake and occasionally checking whether the waist is still there by touching the ribs with your hand.
Movement and head – both need to be tired
Dogs need exercise, but the need varies greatly from breed to breed. A herding dog or bird hunting dog is bred to work for hours and a short walk will not satisfy them; a small breed or older dog may be perfectly happy with a more moderate pace. If an energetic dog does not get enough exercise, it will not go unnoticed - it will manifest itself in chewing, barking, restlessness and other "problems" that are actually unresolved needs.
Just as important as physical exercise is mental activity. Sniffing games, training, puzzle toys, and new environments often tire a dog out more than just running. A good rule of thumb: a dog that is both physically and mentally satisfied is a calm dog.
Oral health – a silent but common concern
This is the part that owners often discover too late. According to research, most dogs have some form of dental disease by the age of three, and the gingivitis that lies beneath the tartar doesn't always stay in the mouth - chronic inflammation can put a strain on the heart, kidneys and liver. Small breeds and short-nosed dogs, whose jaws are small and teeth are close together, are especially at risk.
Signs to look out for include bad breath, red or bleeding gums, drooling and refusing to eat. Prevention starts at home – brushing with toothpaste designed for dogs is most effective – but occasional professional dental cleanings by a vet are also necessary.
Castration and sterilization
Neutering (males) and spaying (females) your dog is a decision that affects both health and behavior. It prevents unwanted litters, reduces the risk of certain tumors and inflammations, and mitigates hormone-induced behavior. However, the right time is not the same for all dogs: for large breed dogs, many veterinarians recommend waiting until the animal has finished growing, because sex hormones play a role in skeletal development. That is why it is worth deciding on the time together with your veterinarian, taking into account the breed, size, and personality of the specific dog.
When to see a vet
A dog that suddenly eats less or refuses to eat, suddenly drinks a lot more, gets tired quickly, limps, vomits or suffers from diarrhea, coughs constantly, scratches incessantly, or changes in behavior – these are all signals that you shouldn’t “wait and see.” Dogs are stubborn and will hide discomfort for a long time, so just because something is visibly different usually means it’s worth investigating. Early intervention is almost always cheaper and easier than late.
Summary
Caring for your dog is not a one-time effort, but a set of habits: timely vaccinations, regular parasite control, proper food in the right quantities, sufficient exercise and mental activity, a well-groomed mouth, and a watchful eye from your owner. None of these are difficult, but together they form what distinguishes a dog that is simply surviving from a happy and healthy companion. And when in doubt, the most reliable partner is always a veterinarian who knows your dog.
